Citation and Writing: Body Paragraphs

Body Paragraph One

1. Begin with a topic sentence that supports your thesis statement and expresses the main idea of the paragraph.

   To be sure, Macbeth’s assault on women and children, in an attempt to eliminate all future rivals for the throne, demonstrates some courage.

2. Second, provide a piece of evidence (usually a quotation) from the reading to support the topic sentence.  Lead into the quotation by indicating who is speaking and what’s happening. Instead of quoting complete sentences, weave quoted words and phrases into your own prose. 

   Reflecting upon the prophecy that Banquo’s sons will become kings, Macbeth calls upon “fate” to enter “into the list” and help him fight “to th’utterance” (3.1.76-7).

3. Third, explain how the quotation illustrates the topic sentence. 

   Instead of accepting the prediction that Banquo’s children will inherit the crown, Macbeth boldly resolves to enter the combat arena and fight to the death against it.

4. If you can, repeat (2) and (3) above, in order to provide more evidence for the topic sentence. 

   Similarly, Macbeth speaks of the daring it will take to kill Macduff’s wife and children: rather than “boasting like a fool,” he resolves to perform the murder “before this purpose cool” (4.1.174-5).  Macbeth has to act quickly before he loses his intent, implying that the act does require some bravery.

Body Paragraph Two (and Three, and Four, etc.)

1. Begin with a transition from the previous paragraph, and then follow with a topic sentence that supports your thesis statement and expresses the main idea of the paragraph. 

   [Transition:] Despite the degree of courage Macbeth requires to execute his plans, [Topic Sentence:] he is driven primarily by fear of who will succeed him as king.

2. Repeat (2) through (4) above.          

DO document all quotations and paraphrases by including in parentheses page numbers (for novels, short stories, essays, and modern plays), line numbers (for poems), or act/scene/line numbers (for Shakespeare).

DO make sure the body of the paper provides evidence for every claim made in the thesis statement and does not introduce any new claim not made in the thesis statement.

DON’T provide plot summary.  Assume your reader has read the texts and needs to be convinced of your argument, not told the plot.

* Special thanks to Dr. Dallett for creating and giving permission to use this information.

1. Begin a new paragraph, with a topic sentence that supports your thesis statement and expresses the main idea of the section of support.
2. Then provide evidence to support the topic sentence.
3. Next, explain how the evidence illustrates the topic sentence.
4. If you can, write a second paragraph in which you repeat (2) and (3) above, so that the section of support provides two pieces of evidence for the topic sentence.
5. Finally, provide a transition into the topic of the next section of support.

DO document all quotations and paraphrases by including in parentheses the last name of the author and the page number of your source or, if the source is a webpage article for which you don’t have the title, give the title of the article in parentheses.

DON’T include any information in the paragraph that doesn’t relate to the topic sentence.

DON’T ever use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you“).